tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80788237168384246092024-03-05T10:26:35.690-03:00Origem da Vida e Diversidade dos Seres VivosEsse website tem como objetivo disponibilizar as informações sobre a disciplina "Origem da Vida e Diversidade dos Seres Vivos" (BC-0304) oferecida por mim na Universidade Federal do ABC.Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-7836041578295225102011-08-29T17:45:00.007-03:002011-08-29T17:48:51.321-03:00Encontrados mais antigos fósseis da Terra<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cientistas encontraram os mais antigos fósseis da Terra na Austrália e afirmam que a descoberta microscópica é uma convincente evidência de que células e bactérias conseguiram se desenvolver em um mundo sem oxigênio há mais de 3,4 bilhões de anos.</span><br />
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O achado sugere que a vida primordial no planeta era baseada em enxofre - vivendo dele e metabolizando o elemento no lugar do oxigênio para obter energia-, o que apoia a ideia de que formas de vida similares podem existir em outros planetas onde os níveis de oxigênio são baixos ou inexistentes.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Poderiam esses tipos de coisas existir em Marte? Isso é bem concebível. Esta evidência é encorajadora e a falta de oxigênio em Marte não é um problema", diz Martin Brasier, da Universidade de Oxford University e integrante da equipe que fez a descoberta. Os microfósseis, que os pesquisadores dizem estar bem preservados, mostrando estruturas parecidas com células, foram encontrados em uma parte remota do Oeste da Austrália batizada Strelley Pool. Em estudo publicado neste domingo na "Nature Geoscience", a equipe de Brasier explica que os pequenos fósseis foram preservados entre cristais de quartzo nos grãos de areia da mais antiga área costeira conhecida na Terra, em algumas das mais antigas rochas sedimentares já encontradas.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Podemos ter grande certeza sobre a idade delas, já que as rochas foram formadas entre dois eventos vulcânicos que permitiram determinar sua idade com uma margem de erro de algumas dezenas de milhões de anos", conta Brasier. "Isso é extremamente acurado quando as rochas têm 3,4 bilhões de idade."</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ao analisarem os fósseis, as rochas em que eles foram encontrados e o ambiente a sua volta, os cientistas puderam construir uma imagem da Terra naquela época, um planeta quente, enevoado e violento onde havia a constante ameaça de erupções vulcânicas e colisões de meteoros. O céu seria nebuloso e cinza, mantendo o calor mesmo diante do fato do Sol ser mais fraco do que hoje, e os oceanos teriam uma temperatura entre 40 e 40 graus Celsius, a mesma de um banho quente. Mais ainda, havia muito pouco oxigênio disponível, já que não existiam nem plantas nem algas para realizar a fotossíntese e produzi-lo, afirma Brasier.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"É uma imagem um tanto infernal. Não era um bom lugar para gente como nós. Mas para as bactérias era maravilhoso. De fato, se você fosse inventar um lugar onde quisesse que a vida emergisse, a Terra antiga seria exatamente certa", disse. Os pesquisadores agora estão usando técnicas e abordagens utilizadas neste estudo para re-examinar outros fósseis que cientistas sugeriram poder também conter evidências da vida primordial no planeta.</div><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">(<a href="http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/Detalhe.jsp?id=78944">O Globo</a>)</div>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-71534988813116481482011-08-10T20:03:00.000-03:002011-08-10T20:03:01.710-03:00Conceito Final<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Caros,</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">O Conceito Final e a Média Final estão disponíveis </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/folder/aNnWKz2x/Origem_da_Vida.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">aqui</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">: </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/fthvZLks/Origem_da_Vida_-_conceitos_-_d.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">diurno</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"> e </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/Maed6e2d/Origem_da_Vida_-_conceitos_-_n.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">noturno</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Atenciosamente</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Simone.</span>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-7436072940583311182011-08-08T00:43:00.001-03:002011-08-08T00:43:44.466-03:00Conceito Final<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Caros,</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Vejam os conceitos finais, incluindo as notas de todas as Provas e Discussões Dirigidas </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/folder/aNnWKz2x/Origem_da_Vida.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">aqui</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">: </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/bkQId4b2/Origem_da_Vida_-_conceito_fina.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">diurno</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"> e </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/VfQb_Rj1/Origem_da_Vida_-_conceito_fina.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">noturno</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Aqueles que entregaram justificativa das faltas em alguma Discussão Dirigida, por favor, ainda vou desconsiderar a atividade do cálculo da média. Por favor, enviem um email confirmando esta situação para evitar algum engano.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Aqueles que faltaram alguma das Provas podem fazer a Prova Substitutiva e aqueles que obtiveram conceito F podem fazer o Exame. Ambos, SUB e Exame, serão na próxima terça-feira, dia 9/08, na hora e local da aula.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Parabéns aqueles que se recuperaram na Prova 2!</span>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-27416146633117466022011-08-06T01:08:00.000-03:002011-08-06T01:08:31.887-03:00NOTAS P2<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Caros,</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">As notas da Prova 2, inclusive as da Prova 1, Discussão Dirigida 1 e a indicação de quem poderá fazer o Exame e a Prova Substitutiva até o momento, estão disponíveis </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/folder/aNnWKz2x/Origem_da_Vida.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">aqui</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">: </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/X-aEkoZx/Origem_da_Vida_-_notas_P2_-_di.html?"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">diurno</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"> e </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/S111wl5Q/Origem_da_Vida_-_notas_P2_-_no.html?"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">noturno</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Na noite de domingo, pretendo disponibilizar as notas das duas Discussões Dirigidas. Mas, provavelmente, ninguém ficará com conceito F, a não ser que tenha faltado em todas as Discussões Dirigidas. Aqueles que faltaram uma das provas poderão fazer a Prova Substitutiva e aqueles com conceito F (na média final) poderão fazer o Exame. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">A P2, a DD2 e a DD3 estarão disponíveis para revisão no dia da Prova Substitutiva e Exame (dia 9/08, na hora da aula).</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Atenciosamente</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Simone.</span>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-49589828611495293692011-07-25T00:01:00.000-03:002011-07-25T00:01:10.473-03:00NOTAS P1 e DD1<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Caros, </span><br />
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</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">As notas da Prova 1 (P1) e da Discussão Dirigida 1 (DD1) estão disponíveis </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/folder/aNnWKz2x/Origem_da_Vida.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">aqui</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">: </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/h9OOTN0W/Origem_da_Vida_-_notas_DD1_e_P.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">diurno</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"> e </span><a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/GOyxNtqV/Origem_da_Vida_-_notas_DD1_e_P.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">noturno</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Levarei as provas para vocês olharem na próxima terça-feira.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Atenciosamente, Simone.</span>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-28018719209467546862011-07-14T11:37:00.001-03:002011-07-14T11:38:33.959-03:00Site oficial sobre o Darwin com livros<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Aqueles interessados nos trabalhos do Darwin, acessem o </span><a href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">website oficial</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"> onde estão disponíveis diversos textos originais e traduções.</span>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-9460130933632308732011-07-10T15:59:00.000-03:002011-07-10T15:59:53.488-03:00Discovery Documentários<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Para aqueles interessados em documentários sobre os temas de Origem da Vida e Evolução, visitem o blog da </span><a href="http://discoveryblog-documentarios.blogspot.com/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Discovery</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">, p.ex. um sobre a </span><a href="http://discoveryblog-documentarios.blogspot.com/2010/07/documentarios-bbc-cell-celula.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">célula</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">.</span>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-21823027003151032492011-07-08T10:20:00.000-03:002011-07-08T10:20:16.233-03:00Uma única terra: Há 85 anos, o alemão Reinhard Maack achava, no Brasil, evidências sobre a origem dos continentes<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/?art=4429&bd=1&pg=1&lg=">Pesquisa FAPESP</a> - Neldson Marcolin - Edição Impressa 184 - Junho 2011</i></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; word-spacing: 1px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">A teoria de que todos os continentes estiveram unidos formando uma única extensão de terra há cerca de 250 milhões de anos foi proposta, de modo cientificamente fundamentado, pelo geólogo e meteorologista alemão Alfred Lothar Wegener em 1912. No livro <em>A origem dos continentes e oceanos</em>, publicado em 1915, reuniu evidências morfológicas (o “encaixe” da América do Sul com a África), paleoclimáticas (vestígios de glaciares em terras tropicais) e paleontológicas (fósseis de plantas tropicais no Ártico) para compor sua hipótese. A teoria foi debatida nas décadas seguintes e rejeitada pela maioria dos cientistas porque faltava uma boa explicação para a movimentação dos continentes. Alguns anos depois, no Brasil, um outro alemão, Reinhard Maack (1892-1969), achou evidências geológicas no oeste de Minas Gerais que iam
na mesma direção dos trabalhos feitos por Wegener.<br />
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Maack havia passado 11 anos na colônia alemã África do Sudoeste (atual Namíbia) trabalhando como técnico em geodésia. Nos seus primeiros anos no Brasil realizou pesquisas no cerrado mineiro e deparou-se com formações geológicas iguais às da Namíbia.
No mesmo ano dessa descoberta, em 1926, ele
a descreveu no artigo “Uma viagem de pesquisa do planalto de Minas Gerais até o Paranaíba”, publicado na <em>Revista da Sociedade de Geografia em Berlim</em>. “Foi o primeiro trabalho de pesquisa de Maack no Brasil e tinha várias falhas, mas suas observações foram comprovadas anos mais tarde”, conta o agrônomo Alessandro Casagrande,
da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) e coordenador da Rede Brasileira de História Ambiental-RBHA, autor
de um capítulo sobre o alemão no livro <em><a href="http://www.historiadasciencias.org/" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: underline;">Histórias
de uma ciência regional</a></em>, organizado por Fabiano Ardigó (Contexto, 2011).<br />
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Maack foi para a Namíbia em 1911.
Lá realizou serviços de topografia para o governo e fazendeiros da colônia ao mesmo tempo que efetuava expedições memoráveis como a de 1917, que determinou
a altura da Brandberg, a montanha mais alta do país, com 2.585 metros. Na mesma região, descobriu uma gruta com pinturas rupestres que foram reproduzidas em desenho por ele e posteriormente se tornaram importantes ao serem estudadas por historiadores da Pré-história. O afresco rupestre conhecido
como <em>Dama branca</em>, por exemplo, ganhou grande notoriedade.<br />
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Em 1923, ele veio ao Brasil contratado pela Companhia de Mineração e Colonização Paranaense. Radicou-se em Curitiba, mas continuou fazendo expedições pelo mundo em razão de seu interesse pela história geológica
da Terra. Voltou à Alemanha algumas vezes para estudar – em 1949, aos 57 anos, recebeu o título Rer. Nat. (doutor <em>Rerum naturalium</em>) com o trabalho sobre a glaciação gondwânica do Carbonífero Superior apresentado na Universidade de Bonn.<br />
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No Paraná Maack teve atuação marcante. Explorou rios como o Tibagi e o Ivaí, determinou a altura do
pico do Paraná – batizado e escalado por ele –, publicou o mapa geológico e fitogeográfico do estado e foi crítico de primeira hora da destruição das florestas.Também sofreu reveses: por ser alemão, foi encarcerado no presídio da Ilha Grande, no Rio, durante a Segunda Grande Guerra. Em 1946 tornou-se professor na Universidade do Paraná, atual UFPR. Sua obra mais conhecida é <em>A geografia física do estado do Paraná.</em><br />
“Maack defendia a teoria de Wegener e viajou muito para comprová-la”, diz João José Bigarella, professor catedrático da UFPR, que trabalhou com o alemão. “Os norte-americanos sempre duvidaram dela, mas mudaram de posição no final da década de 1950 com as novas descobertas que surgiram.” A ideia central de Wegener – de que todos os continentes estiveram unidos num tempo remoto – só seria amplamente aceita a partir dos anos 1960.</span></span><br />
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</span>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-63747113755493598382011-07-07T18:07:00.000-03:002011-07-07T18:07:11.132-03:00<a href="http://www2.uol.com.br/sciam/noticias/darwin_psicologo_o_lado_desconhecido_do_genio.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;">Scientifican American</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;"> </span><br />
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<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" class="interna-txt" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" class="interna-ed" colspan="2" height="15" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;">02 de junho de 2010</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" height="6" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;"><img height="1" src="http://www2.uol.com.br/sciam/noticias/img/px_branco.gif" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" class="interna-titulo" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;">Darwin psicólogo, o lado desconhecido do gênio</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" class="interna-olho" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;">Autor da teoria da evolução também fez experiências com psicologia</span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="interna-autor" height="45" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;">por Jabr Ferris</span></i></td></tr>
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<tr><td align="right" class="img-credito" rowspan="3" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="10"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;"><img height="1" src="http://www2.uol.com.br/sciam/noticias/img/px_branco.gif" width="1" /></span></td><td align="right" class="img-credito" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></td></tr>
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</tbody></table><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;">Charles Darwin é famoso pela prolífica obra sobre biologia. Além de publicar sua teoria da evolução, escreveu livros sobre recifes de coral, minhocas e plantas carnívoras. Mas o eminente naturalista fez importantes contribuições além das ciências da vida: também foi um psicólogo experimental.<br />
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Darwin conduziu um dos primeiros estudos sobre como as pessoas reconhecem a emoção nos rostos, de acordo com pesquisa de Peter Snyder, neurocientista da Brown University. Snyder se baseou em documentos biográficos inéditos, agora divulgados na edição de maio do </span> <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;">Journal of the History of the Neurosciences</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;">.<br />
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Lendo cartas de Darwin na University of Cambridge, na Inglaterra, Snyder observou várias referências a uma pequena experiência sobre emoções que o cientista realizara em sua casa. Com a ajuda de bibliotecários, Snyder descobriu notas com caligrafia ilegível das mãos idosas de Darwin e com a letra de sua esposa, Emma. Embora o fascínio de Darwin com a expressão emocional seja bem documentado, ninguém tinha reunido os detalhes de sua experiência caseira. Agora, surge uma narrativa completa.<br />
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“Darwin aplicou um método experimental que, na época, era muito raro na Inglaterra vitoriana", disse Snyder. "Ele avançou nas fronteiras de todos os tipos de ciências biológicas, mas suas contribuições para a psicologia são pouco conhecidas."<br />
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Em 1872, Darwin publicou o texto "A expressão das emoções no homem e nos animais”, no qual argumentava que todos os seres humanos e até mesmo outros animais expressavam emoções por meio de comportamentos notavelmente similares. Para Darwin, a emoção tinha uma história evolutiva que poderia ser rastreada através de culturas e espécies. Hoje, muitos psicólogos concordam que certas emoções são universais para todos os seres humanos, independentemente da cultura: raiva, medo, surpresa, nojo, alegria e tristeza.<br />
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Ao escrever o livro, Darwin correspondeu-se com vários pesquisadores, incluindo o médico francês Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne, para quem os rostos humanos poderiam expressar pelo menos 60 emoções distintas, dependendo do grupo específico de músculos faciais. Em contraste, Darwin acreditava que as musculaturas faciais trabalhavam juntas para criar um conjunto de apenas algumas emoções.<br />
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Duchenne estudou a emoção através da aplicação de uma corrente elétrica nos rostos. Ao estimular a combinação correta de músculos faciais, Duchenne imitou expressões emocionais genuínas. Ele produziu mais de 60 fotos de suas cobaias humanas, demonstrando o que acreditava ser emoções distintas.<br />
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Mas Darwin discordou. "Comecei a olhar para o álbum dos fotogramas que Darwin tinha recebido de Duchenne", disse Snyder. "E Darwin escreveu essas notas críticas nele, dizendo: ‘Eu não acredito nisso. Isso não é verdade’".<br />
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Segundo Darwin, apenas alguns slides de Duchenne representariam emoções humanas universais. Para testar essa ideia, ele realizou um estudo duplo-cego em sua casa no condado de Kent, Inglaterra. Darwin escolheu 11 de slides de Duchenne, colocou-os em uma ordem aleatória e apresentou-os um de cada vez para mais de 20 dos seus convidados, sem quaisquer sugestões ou questões de liderança. Então pediu aos amigos que adivinhassem qual emoção cada slide representava. “Esse tipo de controle experimental seria considerado rudimentar atualmente, mas foi avançado no tempo de Darwin”, ressalta Snyder.<br />
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De acordo com as notas nos manuscritos e nas tabelas de dados estudados por Snyder, os convidados de Darwin concordaram quase unanimemente sobre a felicidade, tristeza, medo e surpresa, mas discordaram sobre outras emoções. Para Darwin, apenas os slides fotográficos de emoções básicas eram relevantes.<br />
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Darwin utilizou os resultados de seu experimento do século 19 para melhorar a própria compreensão da emoção e da expressão. Mas seus métodos pioneiros continuam a ser relevantes para psicólogos atuais.<br />
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"Hoje usamos quase a mesma técnica, e até mesmo os estímulos, para avaliar o reconhecimento emocional de uma variedade de doenças psiquiátricas, como o autismo e a esquizofrenia", disse Snyder. "Os métodos de abordagem de Darwin não estão presos no tempo.”<br />
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</tbody></table>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-56656076795831953902011-07-06T12:01:00.002-03:002011-07-06T12:04:29.926-03:00Time Tree: árvore filogenética de todos os seres vivos<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Para aqueles interessados em conhecer mais sobre a história evolutiva dos diversos grupos taxonômicos de seres vivos, sugiro acessar o website </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Time Tree (</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.timetree.org/index.php" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">http://www.timetree.org/<wbr></wbr>index.php</span></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">). Time Tree é um consórcio de pesquisadores que busca a datação de todos os nós da árvore da vida. Existe o livro (</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.timetree.org/book.php" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">http://www.timetree.org/book.<wbr></wbr>php</span></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">), que pode ser comprado (551 páginas, Oxford UP) ou baixado (capítulo a capítulo) em pdf. Em cada capítulo, além da árvore datada, tem um texto explicando como o grupo se diversificou. Vale a pena dar uma olhada.</span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7D5t8eS1AIiWavlHSChO-yaer-y3gVF6Ms8oisQ8JKx_0cVr3nzyz1e7oQQpnZZxF_U7Ho-7u5Ax1Z3tD0tMU3wJ7Rhfz25mzIufO0GLPdSuLD0tYyhyEo9zBrml7tsgKFdBTJ_BwiTs/s1600/timetree_poster.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7D5t8eS1AIiWavlHSChO-yaer-y3gVF6Ms8oisQ8JKx_0cVr3nzyz1e7oQQpnZZxF_U7Ho-7u5Ax1Z3tD0tMU3wJ7Rhfz25mzIufO0GLPdSuLD0tYyhyEo9zBrml7tsgKFdBTJ_BwiTs/s320/timetree_poster.gif" width="240" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"><br />
</span></span>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-1406641257950210272011-06-29T16:13:00.001-03:002011-06-29T16:14:34.421-03:00Monitoria: horários e local de atendimento<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="8" frame="VOID" rules="NONE"><colgroup><col width="86"></col><col width="86"></col><col width="86"></col><col width="86"></col><col width="86"></col><col width="86"></col><col width="86"></col><col width="86"></col></colgroup> <tbody>
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</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">Segunda</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">Terça</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">Quarta</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">Quinta</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">Sexta</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">Sábado</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" height="50" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">manhã</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">8-10:00</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 309 torre3</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 304 torre 1</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" height="50" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">manhã</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">10-12:00</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 303 torre 3</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 309 torre 1</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 309 torre 1</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
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<tr> <td align="CENTER" height="82" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">tarde</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">14-16:00</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 306 torre1; S 04 (sala quatro - piso térreo) </td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
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<tr> <td align="CENTER" height="50" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">tarde</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">16-17:00</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 303 torre 3</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 301 torre 1</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
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<tr> <td align="CENTER" height="82" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">noite</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">17-18:00</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
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</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 301 torre 1;<br />
sala 304 torre 1</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
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<tr> <td align="CENTER" height="50" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">noite</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">18-19:00</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 303 torre 3</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 306 torre1 </td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 304 torre 1</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 309, torre 1 </td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
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<tr> <td align="CENTER" height="35" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">noite</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">19-20:00</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;">sala 309, torre 1 </td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
</td> <td align="CENTER" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: 1px solid #000000;"><br />
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</tbody></table>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-51241898181276694622011-06-22T20:56:00.000-03:002011-06-22T20:56:18.447-03:00Discussão Dirigida 2A Discussão Dirigida 2 (DD2) será realizada na sexta-feira (dia 1/07) como consta no <a href="http://origemdavida-ufabc.blogspot.com/p/cronograma.html">Cronograma</a>. Este trabalho consiste na discussão do texto "A mudança é a regra" disponível <a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/sWzpp0W6/DD2_Evolucao_cap2.html">aqui</a>, em grupos formados por 4 a 5 alunos, onde o produto final é uma folha com a resposta da(s) pergunta(s) que entregarei durante o horário de aula. O produto final deverá ser entregue durante o horário da aula, por isso, o ideal é que o texto seja lido previamente por todos os alunos.Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-73474351792929604472011-06-06T11:21:00.000-03:002011-06-06T11:21:37.138-03:00Discussão Dirigida 1A Discussão Dirigida 1 (DD1) será realizada amanhã como consta no <a href="http://origemdavida-ufabc.blogspot.com/p/cronograma.html">Cronograma</a>. Este trabalho consiste na discussão do texto "Origens da Vida" disponível <a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/tyVMlQ2z/DD1_Origens_da_vida.html">aqui</a>, em grupos formados por 4 a 5 alunos, onde o produto final é uma folha com a resposta da(s) pergunta(s) que entregarei amanhã durante o horário de aula. O produto final deverá ser entregue durante o horário da aula, por isso, o ideal é que o texto seja lido previamente por todos os alunos.Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-70564903690829547062011-06-02T12:13:00.000-03:002011-06-02T12:13:33.569-03:00Aviso: Greve dos trens = sem aulaCaros,<br />
<br />
Gostaria de avisá-los que caso a greve de trens permaneça na sexta-feira, não teremos condições de nos encontrar na UFABC para nossa aula de "Origem da Vida e Diversidade dos Seres Vivos".<br />
<br />
Peço que fiquem atentos às notícias sobre a greve dos trens.<br />
<br />
Caso não tenhamos aula na sexta, avaliarei uma forma de repor esta aula posteriormente.<br />
<br />
Atenciosamente<br />
<br />
Simone.Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-67979114159451166072011-05-30T20:51:00.000-03:002011-05-30T20:51:02.070-03:00A vida caiu do céu? Lições de Titan<a href="http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/30dec_titan/">http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/30dec_titan/</a><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<h3 id="content_title" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 1.6em; font-style: inherit; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">Did Life Fall from the Skies? Lessons from Titan</h3><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"… we are children equally of the earth and the sky." (Carl Sagan)</em></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dec. 30, 2010:</strong> In sci-fi movies, the first stirrings of life happen in a gooey pool of primordial ooze. But new research suggests the action started instead in the stormy skies above.</div><div class="mediafile width_200 right" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; float: right; font-size: 0.9em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 200px;"><a href="http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap100127.html" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #993302; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Titan (Titan, 200px)" src="http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2010/12/30/tethystitan_cassini_med.jpg/image_mini" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></a><br />
<div class="description" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">A Cassini photograph of Saturn's moons Titan (foreground) and Tethys (background). [<a class="external" href="http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap100127.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://science.nasa.gov/media/img/external_link.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #993302; display: inline; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">more</a>]</div></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">The idea sprang from research led by University of Arizona's Sarah Hörst. Her team recreated, in the lab, chemical reactions transpiring above Saturn's largest moon, Titan.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">"We're finding that the kind of chemistry an atmosphere can do has intriguing implications for life on Earth and elsewhere in the solar system," says Hörst. "Titan's skies might do some interesting chemistry – manufacture the building blocks of life."</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">Hörst and her colleagues mixed up a brew of molecules (carbon monoxide<sup style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: 0.5em; font-size: 0.8em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">(1)</sup>, molecular nitrogen and methane) found in Titan's atmosphere. Then they zapped the concoction with radio waves – a proxy for the sun's radiation.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">What happened next didn't make the scientists shout "it's alive!" but it was intriguing. A rich array of complex molecules emerged, including amino acids and nucleotides.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">"Our experiment is the first proof that you can make the precursors for life up in an atmosphere, without any liquid water<sup style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: 0.5em; font-size: 0.8em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">(2)</sup>. This means life's building blocks could form in the air and then rain down from the skies!"</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">Titan is unique in our solar system. Dotted with lakes and dunes and shrouded in a thick atmosphere of nitrogen and methane, it's a frozen time capsule of early Earth. While the liquid on Titan's surface is methane instead of water, it's the only body in the solar system other than Earth with liquid on its surface.</div><div class="mediafile width_200 right" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; float: right; font-size: 0.9em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 200px;"><a href="http://www.uanews.org/node/34658" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #993302; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Titan (Sarah Horst, 200px)" src="http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2010/12/30/horst_med.jpg/image_mini" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></a><br />
<div class="description" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">"When I came back and looked at the screen, I thought: That can't be right," said Sarah Hörst. [<a class="external" href="http://www.uanews.org/node/34658" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://science.nasa.gov/media/img/external_link.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #993302; display: inline; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">more</a>]</div></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">"We didn't start out to prove we could make 'life' in Titan's skies," explains Hörst. "We were trying to solve a mystery. The Cassini spacecraft detected large molecules<sup style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: 0.5em; font-size: 0.8em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">(3)</sup> in Titan's atmosphere, and we wanted to find out what they could be."</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">In hopes of obtaining clues to the mystery molecules, Hörst used computer codes to search the lab results for matches to known molecular formulas. She decided, on a whim, to look for nucleotides and amino acids.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">"When I pressed the enter key, I expected a big 'nope, not there.'"</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">She left for a break, and got a big surprise upon returning.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">"The computer was printing out such long lists I thought I must have made a mistake!"</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">But there was no mistake.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">"We had about 5000 molecules containing the right stuff: carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. We knew we had the elements for organic molecules, but we couldn't tell how they were arranged. It's kind of like legos – the more there are, the more possible structures can be made. And they can be put together in many different ways."</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">Among the structures identified in the lab experiment so far are five nucleotides found in DNA and RNA, and two amino acids. But she says there could be more amino acids in the mix.</div><div class="mediafile width_200 right" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; float: right; font-size: 0.9em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 200px;"><a href="http://www.uanews.org/node/34658" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #993302; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Titan (chamber, 200px)" src="http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2010/12/30/reactionchamber_med.jpg/image_mini" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></a><br />
<div class="description" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">A window into Titan's atmosphere: Energized by microwaves, the gas mix inside Hörst's reaction chamber lights up like a pink neon sign. Photo credit: S. Hörst. [<a class="external" href="http://www.uanews.org/node/34658" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://science.nasa.gov/media/img/external_link.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #993302; display: inline; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">more</a>]</div></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">How could Titan's atmosphere generate them?</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">The answer lies in another Cassini discovery: plumes of water blasting from Titan's sister moon Enceladus. The researchers have good proof that these geysers are the source of oxygen required to kick off the first chain reactions required for life.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">"Water spewing across from the plumes gets broken up, releasing hydrogen and oxygen. And the amount of oxygen entering Titan's atmosphere from outside is precisely the quantity needed to make the amount of carbon monoxide detected in that atmosphere."</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">Then, other chemical reactions<sup style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; bottom: 0.5em; font-size: 0.8em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">(4)</sup> occur, producing the heavier molecules Cassini detected. If the lab results are correct, amino acids and nucleotides are in the mix.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">"We still don't know for sure what the actual molecules are in Titan's atmosphere," says Hörst, "but there's a distinct possibility that life's precursors are raining down on the surface of Titan."</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">Picture it: One moon spraying another moon with water to generate the building blocks of life, which fall to the surface in a storm of methane rain.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">Real life may be stranger than science fiction, after all.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
Author: <a href="mailto:dauna.d.coulter@nasa.gov?subject=feedback%20on%20Titan" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #993302; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Dauna Coulter</a> | Editor: <a href="mailto:dr.tony.phillips@earthlink.net?subject=feedback%20on%20Titan" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #993302; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Dr. Tony Phillips</a> | Credit: Science@NASA</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="table_generic" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 595px;" summary="more information"><thead style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><th scope="col" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #cccccc; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">More Information</strong></th></tr>
</thead><tbody style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="external" href="http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap100127.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://science.nasa.gov/media/img/external_link.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #993302; display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Titan's Haze May Hold Ingredients for Life</a> -- University of Arizona press release</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">End Notes:</strong></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">(1) The researchers used carbon monoxide in their simulation because it's the most abundant oxygen-containing molecule in Titan's atmosphere. The oxygen amount in early Earth's atmosphere is thought to be much like the amount in Titan's atmosphere but was in the form of carbon dioxide instead of the carbon monoxide found on Titan. Later, life on Earth introduced significantly more oxygen to Earth's atmosphere. Titan still has very little oxygen, especially compared to Earth today. The sun's UV rays break up methane and molecular nitrogen in Titan's atmosphere, so they used radio waves to recreate that process and free the molecules to recombine into new kinds of molecules.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">(2) Conventional theories say amino acids and nucleotides, the building blocks and blueprints for life, first arose on Earth's surface, which had large bodies of water. To replicate that chemistry, previous researchers used water in their simulations. They produced life's elements in the lab by adding water to nitrogen and methane, which are known to have predominated early Earth's atmosphere. Horst's team left out the "add water and stir" step. (In all living things, amino acids form proteins that are the building blocks of life. Nucleotides form the DNA that guides the construction of these proteins.)</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">(3) Cassini detected oxygen ions flowing into the top of Titan's atmosphere. The spacecraft also found heavy molecules, 100 times the size of methane, in the haze. But Cassini's instruments weren't sensitive enough to identify them.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">(4) The water is broken up either by energetic particles around Saturn or by solar radiation. Then Saturn's magnetic field carries the hydrogen and oxygen out to Titan, where they react with methane, also broken up by solar radiation, to make carbon monoxide. Solar radiation breaks up the nitrogen, methane, and carbon, sparking reactions that make the heavier molecules Cassini detected.</div><div><br />
</div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><a href="http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/30dec_titan/">http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/30dec_titan/</a>Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-15722177917883185722011-05-30T20:16:00.000-03:002011-05-30T20:16:09.361-03:00Videos interessantesNeste blog estão disponibilizados vários videos sobre origem da vida e evolução (<a href="http://origemdavida-ufabc.blogspot.com/p/videos.html">aqui</a>).Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8078823716838424609.post-48127777221884454102011-05-19T23:11:00.001-03:002011-05-19T23:24:06.786-03:00Material para estudoAs aulas em PDF e o material de leitura complementar (inclusive os textos das Discussões Dirigidas) estão disponíveis <a href="http://www.4shared.com/folder/aNnWKz2x/Origem_da_Vida.html">aqui</a>.Simone Freitashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02173934395223480126noreply@blogger.com0